英文學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,語(yǔ)法知識(shí)是非常重要的。比如直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)大家了解嗎?直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,需要注意以下五點(diǎn)變化:1.時(shí)態(tài)、2.狀語(yǔ)、3.代詞(人稱代詞,指示代詞)、4.動(dòng)詞、5.句型。而間接引語(yǔ)實(shí)際上就是賓語(yǔ)從句。那么它們的具體變化規(guī)則是什么呢? ?
一,時(shí)態(tài)的變化
直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。具體講,就是后退一步,即“現(xiàn)在”變成“過(guò)去”。
(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→ 一般過(guò)去時(shí) (2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→ 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) (4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí) (5) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)→ 過(guò)去完成時(shí) (6) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)→ 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
如:She said, “I get up early every day. ” 她說(shuō):“我每天都起得很早。”
→She said she got up early every day. 她說(shuō)她每天起得很早。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)榱艘话氵^(guò)去時(shí))
注意:如果直接引語(yǔ)表示的是客觀事實(shí)或客觀真理,在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不要變化。比如:
My mother said yesterday, “The Earth goes around the Sun.” 我媽媽昨天說(shuō):“地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。”
My mother said yesterday the Earth goes around the Sun. 我媽媽昨天說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。(這里面的時(shí)態(tài)就沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化)
二,代詞的變化
1.人稱代詞變化的口訣:一隨主,二隨賓,第三人稱不更新。
“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化。如:
She said, “My brother wants to go shopping with me. ” 她說(shuō):“我哥哥想和我一起去購(gòu)物。”
→She said her brother wanted to go shopping with her. 她說(shuō)她哥哥想和她一起去購(gòu)物。
“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),若直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱或被第二人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),也可以用第一人稱,如:
He said to Kate, “You did your homework very well” 他對(duì)凱特說(shuō):“你的作業(yè)做得很好。”
→He said to Kate she had done her homework very well. 他對(duì)凱特說(shuō)她的作業(yè)做得很好。
“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中的人稱一般不需要變化。如:
Mr Smith said, “My mother gave her students a very good speech yesterday. ” 史密斯先生說(shuō):“我媽媽昨天給她的學(xué)生做了一個(gè)很好的演講。”
→ Mr. Smith said his mother had given her students a very good speech the day before. 史密斯先生說(shuō)他的母親前一天給她的學(xué)生做了一次很好的演講。
2.指示代詞的變化:this – that , these—those。例如:
Mr Li said, “This is the book that I bought yesterday.” 李先生說(shuō):“這就是我昨天買的那本書(shū)。”
Mr Li said that was the book that he had bought the day before. 李先生說(shuō)那就是他昨天買的那本書(shū)。
三,狀語(yǔ)的變化
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):now -- then today--that day this week-- that week yesterday --the day before last month--the month before ago--before next week -- the next week tomorrow -- the following(next)day
2. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ):here -- there
四、動(dòng)詞的變化
在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)句中的某些動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)做相應(yīng)的變化。
come– go arrive—leave bring- take
如:“He will come today.” she said. →She said he would go that day. 她說(shuō)他那天會(huì)去。(動(dòng)詞come變?yōu)榱薵o,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)today變?yōu)榱藅hat day )
My mother said, “We will arrive here tomorrow.”
→My mother said they would leave there the next day. 我母親說(shuō)他們第二天將離開(kāi)那里。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)here變?yōu)閠here,動(dòng)詞arrive變?yōu)閘eave)
五,句型的變化
1. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句, that 可以省去。如:
She said, “ The performance will begin in five minutes.” 她說(shuō):“再過(guò)五分鐘演出就要開(kāi)始了。”
→She said (that) the performance would begin in five minutes. (這里的that可以省去)
如果間接引語(yǔ)是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句,第一個(gè)連詞可以省略,以后的連詞一般不省略,以免混亂。如:
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.” 醫(yī)生說(shuō):“你的病不重,你很快就會(huì)好的。”
→The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 醫(yī)生說(shuō)我病得不重,很快就會(huì)好的。
2. 直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句,間接引語(yǔ)用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo),原主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等),語(yǔ)序是陳述句的語(yǔ)序,這一點(diǎn)非常重要。如:
He said, “You are interested in English, aren’t you?” →He asked whether I was interested in English.
3. 直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句,間接引語(yǔ)用whether…or…表達(dá),而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…. 如:
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
4. 直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句,改成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞作為間接引語(yǔ)的連詞,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用ask(sb.)來(lái)表達(dá),語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序。如:
He asked,“What’s your name?” → He asked(me)what my name was.
5.直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí),改為間接引語(yǔ),用帶to的不定式表達(dá),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do,(由肯定祈使句變成)ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變),并且在不定式短語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如:
He said,“Be seated, please.”→ He asked us to be seated.
6.有些含有“建議”→、“勸告”→的祈使句,可用suggest, insist, offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述,如:
He said, “Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested our having a rest.
7.當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)形式上是疑問(wèn)句,有表示請(qǐng)求,建議意義時(shí),可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如:
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. →He asked me to open the door.
8.直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí),變間接引語(yǔ)可用what或how引導(dǎo),也可用that引導(dǎo),如:
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”→ She said what a lovely day it was.
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