直接引語和間接引語
一、 間接引語的概念和變化規律
1、間接引語是用自己的話去轉述別人的話。
引用或轉述別人說的話時，采用兩種形式：一是一字不改地將別人的話加以引用，這叫直接引語;二是用自己的話加以轉述，這叫間接引語。一般來講，直接引語須放在引號內，間接引語不必用引號，而且多用賓語從句的形式表達。例如：
She said, “I was ill yesterday.”
→She said that she had been ill the day before.
由以上例句可以看出，直接引語變為間接引語時，不僅把直接引語變為賓語從句，增加連詞that，而且還需相應地改變代詞、動詞和狀語。如I 變成了she，was變成had been，yesterday變成the day before。
2、直接引語變為間接引語時，人稱代詞要根據轉述人的立場作相應變動。
人稱代詞的變動情況要根據語境及轉述人的不同作相應變化，一般情況下，與漢語中的變化相同。可記住一個口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。即第一人稱按照主句中的主語變化，第二人稱按照主句中的賓語變化，第三人稱一般不需要變化。例如：
1) He said, “I am glad to see you.”
→He said that he was glad to see me.
2) “Do you know the man over there?” Mary said to Tom.
→Mary asked Tom if he knew the man over there.
3) Jim said to me, “Jane left her schoolbag at home.”
→Jim told me that Jane had left her schoolbag at home.
3、間接引語中動詞時態的變化。
1)當引述的動詞為現在時形式時，間接引語中的動詞時態不變。例如：
Tom says, “Our teacher is kind to us.”
→Tom says that their teacher is kind to them.
2)當引述的動詞為過去時形式時，間接引語中的動詞作如下變更：
一般現在時→一般過去時 過去進行時→不變
一般過去時→過去完成時 將來進行時→過去將來進行時
一般將來時→過去將來時 現在完成時→過去完成時
現在進行時→過去進行時 過去完成時→不變
He said, “I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.”
→He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.
如果所轉述的內容表示客觀真理或有表示某一絕對具體的過去時間作狀語，間接引語中動詞的時態不變。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.
He said, “I was born in 1980.”
→He said that he was born in 1980.
4、直接引語變為間接引語時，指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和表示“方向”動詞的變化。
this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.
如果在當地轉述， here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為 go; 如果在當天轉述，yesterday，tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。例如：
Kate said, “I will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.”
→Kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their English.(不是在當天當地轉述)
→Kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.(在當天當地轉述)
二、當直接引語是陳述句時
直接引語是陳述句時，間接引語用that引導，但在口語中that可以省去。從句中的人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等要作相應的變化。例如：
She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
三、當直接引語是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句時
1、原句若為一般疑問句時，用whether或if 轉述;原句若為選擇疑問句時，用whether…or…/…or not;原句若為反意疑問句，則常用whether或if 轉述。
2、疑問句語序變為陳述句語序。
3、主句中的謂語動詞為said時，要改為asked;沒有間接賓語時，可以加一個間接賓語(如me，him等)。
4、句末用句號。
5、從句中的人稱、動詞時態和狀語等也要作相應的變化。
He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if /whether I was interested in English.
I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
“You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.
→She asked (me) whether/if I had already got well.
四、當直接引語是特殊疑問句時
如果直接引語是特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時，仍用原句中的wh-類的詞引導，其余的變化同直接引語為一般疑問句的情況2—5條一樣。例如：
“What is your name?” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
He asked: “Where are you to get off, Peter?”
→He asked Peter where he was to get off.
如果在直接引語的特殊疑問句中，疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語，則語序不需要變化。例如：
“Whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father.
→The boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
五、當直接引語是祈使句時
直接引語為祈使句，變為間接引語可用如下的結構“主語+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。
1、需將原祈使句中謂語動詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。
2、原主句謂語動詞said須改為asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意義的能帶賓補的及物動詞。
3、原句有“please”時，主句謂語多用asked(請求)，并去掉please。例如：
He said to me, “Shut the window, please.”
→He asked me to shut the window.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise.”
→He told us not to make so much noise.
如果以let開頭的祈使句表示勸告或建議，可用“suggest + that從句”或“suggest doing”來轉述。例如：
“Let’s go to the cinema.” Tom said.
→Tom suggested that they (should) go to the cinema.
→Tom suggested going to the cinema.
六、直接引語是感嘆句時
直接引語是感嘆句變間接引語時仍可用what或how引導，詞序不變，也可用that 引導，將句子變成相應的名詞性從句。例如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”
→She said what a lovely day it was.
→She said that it was a lovely day.
直接引語和間接引語練習題
將下列句中的直接引語改為間接引語
1. I said to/ordered my boy, “Go home.”
2. The doctor said to her, “Don’t eat too much fat.”
3. “Have you any difficulty?” he asked me.
4. He said/asked, “Is she coming?”
5. He said/asked, “Where have you been?”
6. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier?” I asked her.
7. He asked me, “How long will it take to go there by plane?”
8. He told/said to me, “Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809.”
9. He asked me, “Do you study English or French?”
10. He said, “How happy I am!”
