名詞部分
1. 一般而言，英語中表示度、量、衡、價格的單位名詞為可數名詞，有單數與復數的詞形變化。
one penny →six pennies one dollar →two dollars
但是其謂語動詞仍舊用單數形式。
Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
2. 音譯的漢語量詞，一般不用復數形式，如里(li), 斤(jin), 畝(mu), 元(yuan) , 角(jiao),
分(fen)etc.
The pig weighs over one hundred jin.
3. 某些名詞的復數形式，有時具有特別的意思。例如papers (文件，證件)；goods (貨物)；
clothes (衣服)；arms (武器)；minutes (記錄)；times (時代)；greens (青菜)；
looks (外貌)；manners (禮貌)；peoples (民族，種族)；words (言語)；
grounds (場地，庭園)；works (工廠、工事、著作)
4. 有些名詞經常帶著-s詞尾的。但通常把它們當作單數看待，只有在個別的句子里才作復數處理。
如news, politics, physics, the United States, the United Nations...
某些表示由兩個部分構成的物體的名詞，如trousers, glasses, shoes, chopsticks, 還包括
goods, arms, clothes, minutes, contents, wages都可作復數。
His clothes are quite old.
5. 一般地說物質名詞和抽象名詞是不可數名詞，因此沒有復數形式，如information, knowledge,
advice, milk, water, ice, bread。但是某些名詞以復數形式出現時，其含義或表示若干種類，
或表示數量之多。
There are many fishes in the river. 河里有許多種魚。
She told him of all her hopes and fears. 她把她所有的希望及擔憂之事告訴了他。
6. 有些集體名詞通常用作復數。police, people, youth, cattle，其單數形式分別為：
a policeman, a person, a young person, a cow
7. 常考不可數名詞：advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun,
weather, knowledge, jewelry, progress, news, work, music, health, luck。
8. 復合名詞的復數形式:girl friends, boy students, women teachers, men workers, passers-
by（復合名詞中有主體名詞）, go-betweens, grown-ups（復合名詞中無主體名詞）
9．不能被's所替換的名詞所有格形式：the city of Beijing, at the age of 20, the experience
of the old, the struggle of the poor…
冠詞部分：
1. 必須加the的幾種情況：the same, the only, the very前；by the +計量單位；by the dozen,
by the day, by the pound
It's the very book I'm looking for.
The workers are paid by the hour.
2. as 引導的讓步狀語從句中，如果表語（賓語）為單數可數名詞，不用冠詞。
Student as he is, he never obeys the teacher.
代詞部分：
1. it, that, one, the one, the ones, those區別
My pen was lost. I cannot find it. （同一物體）
My pen was lost. I have to buy a new one. （同類不同一）
The population of Shanghai is much larger than that of Tianjin. （不可數名詞）
This pen is not the one I lost yesterday. （特指）
The pens are not the ones/ those I lost yesterday.
2. each, either, both, neither, every, all區別
Trees are planted on both sides of the street.
Trees are planted on every/each side of the square.
Trees are planted on neither side of the street.
Trees are planted on all sides of the square.
3. another, the other, other, others區別
Another student came in. （another后接可數名詞單數，表示泛指。）
I have two brothers. One is a teacher. The other is a doctor.
I ate half of the peach and left the other half to my brother.
（“one+名詞單數… the other+名詞單數… ”是固定搭配，表示“兩者中一個……，剩余一
個……”，還可以表示“一個整體的一半……，另一半……”）
Some students are playing football on the playground. Others（other students)are doing
their homework in the classroom.
(some+可數名詞復數 … other+可數名詞復數… 也是一個固定搭配，表示一些……，另外一
些……）
4. none, nothing, nobody, neither
—How many students are there in the classroom? —None.
—How much money do you have? —None.
—Is there anybody in the classroom? —Nobody.
—Is there anything in the room? —Nothing.
—Would you please lend me some ink? —Sorry, but I have none left myself.
I want neither of the two books.
I want none of the three books.
—What do you want? —Nothing.
—Of the three things, which do you want? —None.
5. 反身代詞應注意以下幾點：
I myself think… 我本人認為……
Help yourself! 請隨便吃吧
Make yourself at home! 別客氣
Don't upset yourself. 別自尋煩惱
make oneself heard/ understood
between ourselves, do you think... 私下里說
In itself, his illness is nothing to worry about. 就疾病本身而言，沒什么可擔心的。
He is not quite himself today. 他今天感到不舒服。
by oneself = alone, without help 單干、無人幫忙
for oneself 為自己；of oneself 自動地
