after,behind
After用作介詞時(shí),很易和另一介詞behind混淆不清,因?yàn)樗鼈兌急硎尽霸凇蟆钡囊馑肌K鼈兊膮^(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn):
(一)一般說(shuō)來(lái),after指時(shí)間的先后次序,意為“在…之后”(later in time than); behind指位置的前后,意為“在…后面”(in the rear of)。例如:
I shall be free after ten o’clock.
十點(diǎn)之后我有空。
The national stadium is located behind the hill.
國(guó)家運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)在山崗的后面。
(二)after常用以指順序,意為“跟在…之后”、“接著”、“接連”(in succession or next to in order); behind 則表示“隱匿在后”、“背著”或“遺留在后”之意。如:
After you,please!
您先請(qǐng)!(出門(mén)或進(jìn)門(mén)時(shí)的客套用語(yǔ))
You should put the direct object after the indirect object.
你應(yīng)該把直接賓語(yǔ)放在間接賓語(yǔ)之后。
The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door.
警察正在挨家挨戶地搜查劫匪。
Day after day and year after year…
日復(fù)一日,年復(fù)一年……。
Don’t stand behind the door.
不要躲在門(mén)背后。
Don’t speak evil of a man behind his back.
不要在背后說(shuō)人壞話。
Who is behind the scenes?
誰(shuí)是幕后人?
Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them.
那些走私客逃走時(shí)沒(méi)有留下任何痕跡。
(三)在某些場(chǎng)合下,after和behind可以互換使用,但涵義有所不同。如:
Shut the door after you.(1)
Shut the door behind you.(2)
(1)句的意思是“隨手關(guān)門(mén)”,after含有離開(kāi)與關(guān)門(mén)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后的意味;(2)句的意思是“關(guān)上你背后的門(mén)”,behind表示門(mén)的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的意味,正因?yàn)槿绱耍覀兺ǔUf(shuō):Don’t stand behind the door,而不說(shuō):Don’t stand after the door.
值得注意的是,在另一些場(chǎng)合下,after和behind 在互換使用后,其意并無(wú)區(qū)別可言。如:
John came in after Alice.
John came in behind Alice.
The dog ran after its master.
The dog ran behind its master.
Behind除作介詞外,尚可用作副詞、名詞和形容詞; after除作介詞外,還可用作副詞、連詞和形容詞,由于不屬本書(shū)探討范圍之內(nèi),這里就不贅述。