主動語態與被動語態：
英語動詞有兩種語態，即主動語態(The Active Voice)與被動語態（The Passive Voice)。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者;被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
e.g.
1.They make trains in Zhuzhou .
Trains are made in Zhuzhou.
2.The farmers grow cotton every year.
Cotton is grown by the farmers every year.
(一)一般現在時被動語態的構成：
am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞
動詞過去分詞的構成規則（與動詞過去式構成規則一樣）：
1、一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed，looked played
2、結尾是e的動詞加-d ， lived used
3、末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節詞，先雙寫
這個輔音字母，再加-ed， planned tripped
4、結尾是“輔音字母+y”的動詞，先變“y”為“i” ， 再
加-ed ， study---studied， carry---carried
不規則動詞的過去分詞要牢記
寫出下列動詞的過去式，過去分詞：
1、speak （spoke spoken）
2、use used used
3、make made made.
4、write wrote written
5、grow grew grown
6、plant planted planted
7、produce produced produced
8、ask asked asked
9、plan planned planned
10、send sent sent
11 、 build built built.
12、invite invited invited
(二)一般過去時被動語態的構成：
was/were+及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g 1、The bridge was built last year.
2、It was used in the old days.
3、The PRC was founded
on October1，1949.
(三)含情態動詞的被動語態構成：
情態動詞（can/may/must/should）+be+及物動詞過去分詞
e.g 1、This bike can be repaired.
2、The tree must be put straight in the hole.
3、The classroom should be cleaned every day.
(四)現在完成時的被動語態構成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
(五)一般將來時的被動語態構成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
(六)現在進行時的被動語態構成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Tom is mending my bike now.→My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →Trees are being planted over there by them.
主動語態變被動語態的步驟：
1、主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語；
2、主動句的謂語動詞變為被動結構；
3、主動句的主語變為被動句的賓語，由by 引出，當不強調動
作的執行者時，常省略。
把下列的句子變為被動語態的句子：
1、They speak English in Canada .(English….)
2、People use wood for making tables. （wood….）
3、The make computers in the USA.（Computers…）
4、They grow rice in South China.（Rice…）
使用被動語態應注意的幾個問題
1. 不及物動詞無被動語態
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態中不帶to ，但變為被動語態時，須加上to
例：make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。
He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
6.含有復合賓語的主動句，賓補不變。
（1） 將賓語變為主語，賓補不變。
如：They call her Xiao Li. →She is called Xiao Li.
He left the door open. →The door war left open by him.
（2） make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel, notice. help動詞后變做賓補的不定式一般不加to，變為被動，必須加to .
如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.
→I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young.
I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.
→She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.
7)有些詞如want, need, require和 be worth后面， v-ing形式為主動，意義為被動。
如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.
The book is worth reading.
8)謂語動詞是以下時，無被動。
happen, belong to, suit, fit(適合), have, let, join, fall, last（延長）,cost（花費）
break out（爆發）appear, burst out(迸發)，hold(容納)，lack（缺乏），agree with（同意）.
被動語態結構與SVC(動詞－ed形式作表語)結構的區別
被動語態表示動作，句子主語為動作的對象，SVC結構表示主語的特點或所處的狀態，其中的過去分詞相當于形容詞，be只有一般時態和完成時態。被動結構的時態一般要與相應的主動結構一致。
下面把這兩種結構作一比較：
1、The library is usually closed at 6.圖書館通常六點關門。(被動語態)
The library is now closed.圖書館關門了。(SVC結構)
2、The bridge was completed in 1968.橋是1968年建成的。(被動語態)
The bridge is completed.橋已修好。(SVC結構)
3、The glass was broken by my sister.玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。(被動語態)
The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。(SVC結構)
