過去完成時(past perfect)表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。

過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前做了，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。(延續(xù)性)

它表示句子中描述的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+had+過去分詞(done)

①肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞+其他

②否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他

③一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞+其他

肯定回答：Yes,主語+had

否定回答：No,主語+hadn’t

④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(had+主語+過去分詞+其他)

基本用法

(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，也可以說過去的時間關(guān)于過去的動作。即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。

例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。

(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。

例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

當(dāng)車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。

(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。

例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

我對動詞一無所知，因為我沒有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

(4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。

例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed.

我已歸還了我借的書。

She found the key that she had lost.

她丟失的鑰匙找到了。

(5)過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。

例如： He said that he had known her well.

他說他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6) 狀語從句：在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。

如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的

例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.

我醒來時雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.

她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。

注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因為 這 時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。

例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

(7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。

例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .

我們本來希望能來看看你。

(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)

time (that)…等固定句型中。

例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他剛到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.

這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。

時間狀語

before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than

過去完成時-語法判定

1. 由時間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：

( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.

( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

( 1 )賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

過去完成時-語法區(qū)別

一、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，已過去時間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。

比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。

— I’m sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。

— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動作從過去某一時間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

二、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。

比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

專項練習(xí)

( )(1)The police found that the house _______and a lot of things_________. A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen

( )(2)By the end of this century, we__ ours into a strong modern country. A. will build B. had built C. have built D. will have built

( )(3)We _________the work by six yesterday evening. A. finished B.would finish C. had finished D. had been finished

( )(4)I _________to help you but couldn‘t get here in time. A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. was wanting

( )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister___________. A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours before C. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before

( ) (6)When I reached home, my parents __________their supper. A.are having B.have already had C.have had D. had already had ( )

(7)It seems that the old man _________something important. A.has lost B. had lost C. lost D. would lose

( ) (8)She __________in this school ________the past ten years. A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, since C.would teach, for D. has been teaching, for

( ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, ______by the time I arrived. A.she‘d left B.she’s left C. She was left D.she must leave

( ) (10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I______. A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected

( ) (11)We couldn‘t catch up with the others because they _____too long before us. A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started

( ) (12)She felt anxious about her son as she ________for quite a long time. A.haven’t heard him B. hadn‘t heard him C.haven?t heard from him D. hadn‘t heard from him

( ) (13)By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_______. A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating

( ) (14)By the end of next July this building__________. A. will be finished B. will have finished C. will have been finished D. had been finished

( ) (15)By the time the war ____, most of the people had left. A.was began B. was broken out C.broke out D. had been broken out

( ) (16)If she ______harder, she would have succeeded. A. had worked B. have worked C. should work D. worked ( ) (17)I wish ______I you yesterday. A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see

( )(18)He is talking so much about America as if he _______ there. A. had been B.has been C. was D. been

( ) (19)That dinner was the most expensive meal we___. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had

( )(20)When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set of C. had left D. had been away A.was B.am C.had been D.have been

答案 (1-(10) D D C B D D A D A D (11) —(20) D D B C C A C A D D