◆mean v.
1. 表示“打算”,主語只能是人,其后可接不定式,但不接動名詞。如:
What do you mean to do with it? 你打算怎樣處理它?
He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要傷害你。
注:若表示過去未曾實現的打算,即表示本來打算做但并未做成的事,通常用過去完成時,有時在不引起誤解的情況下也可用一般過去時。如:
We had meant to be early, but we got up too late. 我們本來想早點來的,但起床起遲了。
I (had) meant to call on you, but I was so busy. 我本想來看你的,但是我太忙了。
以上意思有時也用“meant to have+過去分詞”來表示。如:
I meant to have told you about it yesterday. /I had meant to tell you about it yesterday. 我本來打算昨天把這事告訴你的。
2. 表示“意味著”、“需要”等,句子主語一般是事物(有時也可用 it, this, that 等),其后可接動名詞,但不接不定式。如:
This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了這種病就意味著要住院。
比較并體會以下句子:
If we mean to catch the early bus, that means getting up before five. 要想趕早班車,我們就得在五點鐘以前起床。
3. 表示“有意義”、“有價值”,通常與 much, little, a lot, a great deal, nothing, everything, anything 等詞連用。如:
Money means nothing to me. 錢對我來說是無所謂的。
You don’t know how much you mean to me. 你不知道我多么喜歡你。
◆means n.
用作名詞,主要表示“方式”、“方法”、“手段”等,使用時注意以下幾點:
1. 單復數同形(永遠有詞尾-s)。若用作主語,其謂語的數需根據句意來確定。如:
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的辦法都已經試過了。
Every possible means has been tried. 每種可能的辦法都已經試過了。
有時用作主語其單復數意思不明,則謂語可用單數或復數。如:
Is [Are] there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其它的什么辦法嗎?
2. 表示做某事的方法,其后通常接“of+(動)名詞”。如:
There is no means of finding out what happened. 無法弄清發生了什么事情。
Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there. 去那兒最快的辦法是坐飛機。
注:有時也可后接不定式,但不如接 of doing sth 常見。另外有時也可后接 for doing sth, 也不如用 of doing sth 常見。
3. 表示以某種方式、方法或手段,通常用介詞 by。如:
This money wasn’t earned by honest means. 這筆錢不是通過正當手段得來的(=這筆錢來路不正)。
He explained to us the means by which he persuaded her to come. 他給我們說明了他是如何說服她來的。
注:與介詞 by 連用的常用詞組:
(1) by means of 意為“依靠”、“通過”。如:
He made a fortune by means of industry. 他靠勤勞致富。
He got into the house by means of an open window. 他從一扇開著的窗戶爬進屋去。
(2) by all means 意為“一定要”、“當然可以”。如:
A:Can I have a look at it? 我可以看看嗎?
B:By all means. 當然可以。
(3) by no means 意為“絕不”、“一點也不”(用于句首,句子要倒裝)。如:
I’m by no means happy about his work. 我對他的工作一點也不滿意。
By no means should he be left alone. 絕不能把他單獨留下。
(實習編輯:于曉偉)